See startlen in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "startle"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "startle"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "stertle"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "startill"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"steartlian",
"steartlian#Old_English"
],
[
"*startlōn",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/startlōn"
],
[
"sterten",
"sterten#Middle_English"
],
[
"-len",
"-len#Middle_English"
],
[
"*steortlian",
"Reconstruction:Old English/steortlian"
],
[
"*startilōn",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/startilōn"
]
],
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{
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},
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{
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},
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{
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},
"expansion": "Old English steartlian",
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},
{
"args": {
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{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*startlōn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *startlōn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "sterten",
"3": "-len",
"nocap": "1",
"t1": "to start"
},
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"name": "surf"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "*steortlian"
},
"expansion": "Old English *steortlian",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*startilōn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *startilōn",
"name": "m+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English steartlian, from Proto-West Germanic *startlōn; by surface analysis, sterten (“to start”) + -len, which some forms are probably modified on the basis of (though they could instead reflect Old English *steortlian, from Proto-West Germanic *startilōn).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "startleth",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "startlynge",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "startled",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"participle",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "startlen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to startlen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "startle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "startled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "startlede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "startlest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "startledest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "startleth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "startled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "startlede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "startle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "startled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "startlede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "startle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "startlen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "startle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "startleden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "startled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "startlede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "startleth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "startle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "startlynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "startlende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "startled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ystartled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "startelyn",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"East-Anglia"
]
},
{
"form": "stertle",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "stertyll",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "startlen",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"stem": "startl"
},
"expansion": "startlen (third-person singular simple present startleth, present participle startlynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle startled)",
"name": "enm-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "startl",
"inf2": "0"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "62 19 19",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Gaits",
"orig": "enm:Gaits",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To dash or skip; to move quickly or while jumping."
],
"id": "en-startlen-enm-verb-TiATgYL9",
"links": [
[
"dash",
"dash"
],
[
"skip",
"skip"
],
[
"move",
"move"
],
[
"quickly",
"quickly"
],
[
"jumping",
"jumping"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To dash or skip; to move quickly or while jumping."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "19 66 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 58 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English terms suffixed with -len",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 78 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 83 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To rush around erratically."
],
"id": "en-startlen-enm-verb-qT8CMxgs",
"links": [
[
"rush",
"rush"
],
[
"around",
"around"
],
[
"erratically",
"erratically"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, rare) To rush around erratically."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To kick (of an animal)"
],
"id": "en-startlen-enm-verb-xDQfzA1t",
"links": [
[
"kick",
"kick"
],
[
"animal",
"animal#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, rare) To kick (of an animal)"
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈstart(ə)lən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈstɛrt(ə)lən/"
}
],
"word": "startlen"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms suffixed with -len",
"Middle English verbs",
"Middle English weak verbs",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Gaits"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "startle"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "startle"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "stertle"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "startill"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"steartlian",
"steartlian#Old_English"
],
[
"*startlōn",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/startlōn"
],
[
"sterten",
"sterten#Middle_English"
],
[
"-len",
"-len#Middle_English"
],
[
"*steortlian",
"Reconstruction:Old English/steortlian"
],
[
"*startilōn",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/startilōn"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
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},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
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"3": "steartlian",
"4": "",
"5": "",
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"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
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"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English steartlian",
"name": "inh"
},
{
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{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
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},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *startlōn",
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
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"name": "surf"
},
{
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"1": "ang",
"2": "*steortlian"
},
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"name": "m+"
},
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"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*startilōn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *startilōn",
"name": "m+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English steartlian, from Proto-West Germanic *startlōn; by surface analysis, sterten (“to start”) + -len, which some forms are probably modified on the basis of (though they could instead reflect Old English *steortlian, from Proto-West Germanic *startilōn).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "startleth",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "startlynge",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "startled",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"participle",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "startlen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to startlen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "startle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "startled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "startlede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "startlest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "startledest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "startleth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "startled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "startlede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "startle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "startled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "startlede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "startle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "startlen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "startle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "startleden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "startled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "startlede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "startleth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "startle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "startlynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "startlende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "startled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ystartled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "startelyn",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"East-Anglia"
]
},
{
"form": "stertle",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "stertyll",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "startlen",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"stem": "startl"
},
"expansion": "startlen (third-person singular simple present startleth, present participle startlynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle startled)",
"name": "enm-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "startl",
"inf2": "0"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle English intransitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To dash or skip; to move quickly or while jumping."
],
"links": [
[
"dash",
"dash"
],
[
"skip",
"skip"
],
[
"move",
"move"
],
[
"quickly",
"quickly"
],
[
"jumping",
"jumping"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To dash or skip; to move quickly or while jumping."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English intransitive verbs",
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To rush around erratically."
],
"links": [
[
"rush",
"rush"
],
[
"around",
"around"
],
[
"erratically",
"erratically"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, rare) To rush around erratically."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English intransitive verbs",
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To kick (of an animal)"
],
"links": [
[
"kick",
"kick"
],
[
"animal",
"animal#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, rare) To kick (of an animal)"
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈstart(ə)lən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈstɛrt(ə)lən/"
}
],
"word": "startlen"
}
Download raw JSONL data for startlen meaning in Middle English (6.7kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-10-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-10-01 using wiktextract (c1bb342 and 6f96ddf). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.